กระแสโลกกับความอยู่รอดของท้องถิ่น

Context state information of Thailand.

Preface

          Thailand, officially known as the Kingdom of Thailand . It is a state located on the Indochina and Malay . In Southeast Asia . Bordering Laos and Cambodia to the east . To the south is the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia . West by the Andaman Sea and Burma. And north to Burma and Laos. Sometimes the Mekong River . Governed by a parliamentary democracy . The central government in Bangkok. And the provincial government . Organize the 76 provinces in Thailand, as large as 50 in the world , with an area of 513,115 square kilometers. And is ranked as the 20th most populous in the world , with approximately 66 million people and is a newly industrialized country . The main income of the industry and services. Thailand has many famous tourist attractions such as Pattaya , Phuket , Bangkok and Chiang Mai , which generates revenue for the country . As well as sending out an important part of economic development . And the GDP of the country. Which approximately 334,026 million. According to estimates , in 2553 the economy of Thailand is the 30th largest in the world.

          Territory in Thailand Evidence of the oldest human to five hundred years. Historians generally regarded as the beginning of the history of Sukhothai Thailand . Which fall within the influence of the Ayutthaya Kingdom . It is even greater. And contact with the West. Ayutthaya Kingdom 417 years longevity is the deterioration and collapse entirely. King Taksin the salvage independence and established Thonburi Kingdom . Turmoil in the late empire . Lead to lifetimes of the Chakri dynasty of the early Rattanakosin period the country faces a threat from the nearby But after the reign of King Mongkut onwards. Western influence in the region is enormous. Becomes a party to the treaty agreements . Yet some of the lost territory , and Thailand still retains its colonial state was not any subsequent period until the First World War . Thailand joined the Allies , and in 2475 there has been a revolutionary change of regime, the royal absolutism to democracy. And Thailand joined the Axis powers during World War II . During the Cold War. Thailand has a policy of alliance with the United States. Military 's role in politics in Thailand drastically after Siam revolutionary decades. Even with the civilian government. And into the free world today.

          So, to make a presentation of the country's information technology clearer . Read and see pictures from the past to the present as well. The authors present data on issues like this .

Country of origin .

          The word " Siam " is a term used to refer to foreigners as of 2000 when the Kingdom of Ayutthaya , Thailand , formerly called Siam had been used since the reign of King Mongkut onwards. By the year 2399 the country clearly in Thailand but people never called themselves the " Siam " or " Siamese " or by a foreign official in that country [18 ] the word . " Thailand 's " the Bear chronicles La Lune recorded clearly . People of Ayutthaya called themselves such a long time.

          Subsequently, on June 24, 2482 as announced in the State Rated No. 1 Chom Phon P. Phibun government (which was promulgated on 24 June 2482 ) has renamed the country. With the people . And nationality of " Siam " to " Thailand ", which is intended to imply that Chom Phon Por this land belongs to the people of Thailand . Than the other races . By nationalism at that time. During later changed back to Siam on the year 2488 , but the name was changed back to Thailand again in the year 2491 , which is the primary Chom Phon Phibulsongkram Prime Minister. The name change also changed from "Siam" , in English and French as "Thaïlande" in French and "Thailand" in English in the name Siam is still widely known both inside and outside . country Thailand is often called in English, is often confused with Taiwan .

Topography.

          Thailand has an area of ​​about 513,115 square kilometers. Large is ranked 50th in the world and was ranked third in Southeast Asia . Associate of Indonesia ( 1,910,931 km) and Myanmar ( 676,578 km) and is similar in size to Spain ( 505,370 km) , Thailand's most distinguishing feature is the variety .

          Northern mountainous area is complex. The highest point in Thailand , Doi Inthanon at 2,565 meters above sea level. Also covered by forests as important sources of the country.

          Northeast . Most areas of the Khorat Plateau. Condition of the soil is relatively dry and not conducive to cultivation.

          The region became a river plains is the most fertile in the country. And is regarded as an important source of rice in the world . Because of the Ping River and the confluence of the Gulf cedar posts . Office.

                Southern part of peninsular Thailand - Malaysia . Flanked by the sea on both sides. At the point where the narrow Kra Isthmus and the Malay Peninsula enlarged . The western region is the valley and the mountain range which runs from the west of the region.

Climate .

          Thailand 's climate is tropical . Or Savannah . Average temperatures are 18-34 ° C and the average annual rainfall over 1,500 mm can be divided into three seasons.

          During the summer months, from February to April .

          During the rainy season from May to October . Influenced by the southwest monsoon from the South China Sea and the tropical cyclone .

          During the winter months of November - mid March . Influenced by monsoon winds from the northeast China.

          The southern rainforest climate . It is hot and humid all year round. Can be divided into two seasons: rainy and hot east coast . The summer months from May to September. And along the west coast . Summer is from November to April .

History of Thailand .

          In the past, the area that is now the country has entered the housing is from the Old Stone Age about 20,000 years ago, the region 's cultural and religious influence of India . Since the kingdom of Funan . Approximately one century , but for the people of Thailand. Legend has it that the Ionian . The founder of the Kingdom of Thailand , BE 1400 as the first happened when .

          Sukhothai .

          Historians began to equate Thailand since the Sukhothai period December 1781 as the beginning of the history of Thailand . Which corresponds to the heyday of the Lanna Kingdom and the Kingdom of Lan Xang . Sukhothai was ruled a King or patriarchal paternalism Phaya reign Lithai changing patterns governing the Kings . From the influence of Theravada Buddhism in Lanka family .

          Kingdom of Ayutthaya , Thonburi and early Rattanakosin period.

          King U Thong Ayutthaya Kingdom had established the Kingdom of Thailand BE 1893 when the government is evil king. Which is based on the principles of Brahmanism . Her Trailokkanat the new reform .

          Ayutthaya Kingdom degeneration authorized as the 24th century BC, when the second time in 2310 , the same year Phraya Tak collected hosts reestablish their independence . And moved the capital to Thonburi. , The capital of Thailand is the 15th year of King skyline . First monarch of the Chakri Dynasty. The establishment of Rattanakosin City on the 6th of April, 2325 .

Politics.

          The country is ruled monarchy . Since the Ayutthaya Kingdom onwards. Until a parent in a decisive manner towards the center of power since the reign of King Rama V , when on June 24, 2475 Board of Representatives has revolutionized during the reign of King Rama VII . Then change the rule to democracy today.

Zoning rule .

          Thailand is divided administrative districts are ( 1 ) the central government , including ministries, agencies and departments ( 2 ) national territory consists of 76 provinces, 878 district 7255 district, and ( 3 ) of the Local Government and Provincial Administration , Municipal , Administrative Organization , Bangkok and sanitation for the city was taken as a municipality in 2542 .

Economy

          Thailand has a mixed economy . Its income from the industry. Exports of goods and services. Tourism, services , agriculture and natural resources. Thailand is a country with an export value was ranked 24th in the world and the value of imports was ranked 23 in the world market, Thailand 's major imports include Japan , China, USA , Malaysia, United Arab Emirates , Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Saudi Arabia. And Indonesia.

Science and technology.

          Are contained in the National Economic and Social Development Plan, Phase 5 ( 2525-2529 BC ) onwards, but at the time found that the performance of the barriers in science and technology, the country is still not strong . National Economic and Social Development Plan to Phase 6 (AD 2530-2534) , the Science and Technology Development Plan as one of 10 plans to develop the capability of manufacturing and processing products .

Communication

          Transportation in Thailand is mainly used for road transport is the main car and motorbike . Including the main highway in Thailand, Sukhumvit and Phaholyothin Road, Friendship Road . For the air transportation . Thailand's Suvarnabhumi Airport is currently enabled . Which is regarded as the country's largest airport . The official launch date is September 28, 2549 to replace Don Muang International Airport . The transport of water . Primarily by boat . Thailand is a major port of Bangkok Port and Laem Chabang Bangkok .

Communication

          Communication in the original letter . Thailand is the recipient of a letter by mail . But writing has delayed the introduction of the telegraph in Thailand By Telegraph Department and is obsolete today. The phone and fax communication is the most convenient and affordable . However, the Internet is used as a communication, not less .

Tourism

          Tourism revenue for the country as a high proportion compared to the proportion of several countries in Asia ( approximately 6% of GDP) by the major sights . Bangkok Pattaya southern shore of the Andaman Sea. And Chiang Mai.

Population

          Demographic Thailand . According to the 2553 census by the National Statistics Office, the number of people increased + 8.2 65926261 .

Race

          Demographic Thailand varies depending on the source. Comprise approximately 75 percent of Thailand Siam Thailand Thailand 14 percent ethnic Chinese Malay descent , 3 percent .

Religion

          Census 2553 population and housing census by Thailand Buddhists 93.4 percent , which is regarded as the country's de facto national religion is Islam, Anglicans , about 5.2 percent , most of which live in the lower South . are also other religions such as Christianity , Sikhism and Hinduism. Approximately 1.4 percent .

Language

          Thailand Thailand is the official language . And the language used to communicate. Education and is spoken throughout the country. Thailand using a standard form letter in writing.

Education

          Compulsory education in India started in the year 2464 by the Government of Thailand to basic education grant to the public for 12 years of compulsory education is currently scheduled for 9 years .

Culture

          Thailand 's Chinese culture embraced Indian culture and some lands of Southeast Asia was greatly Theravada Buddhism . Which is the religion with the most respected in Thailand. Thailand has a culture similar to the Asian culture is the respect for ancestors. Which upheld a long time coming .

Syllabus

          Thailand is a small country. Compared with other countries in this world that has abundant resources and different civilizations . One of the country like no other. We were liberated with the Thailand we have a religious tradition that can make people around the world turned to us. This is regarded as Thailand many year 2558 came to this country to find heavy fighting in and outside the home. These concerns is considered a good estimate of the level that can lead to good preparation further. Step up to the coining so many new creative economy . Creative industries . I believe that this is looking like a panic over something that will be hard because Ta is because these people are all Thailand . Especially those who are involved with the development of the country. Must turn to help . Says the same author alone is not sufficient . I sowed salt into the river or "low melting chili River" to plan and carry out various foundations . Thailand for many children . Especially education. ASEAN open to just about anyone looking primarily economic . But if we look at the overall picture that actually he was a stage race in the country. People who have a lot of potential . The people of that country. It is located in the region itself.

          In addition to the development of education and culture , civil society, traditional and regulations in Thailand to be featured a lot. Can see that the developed countries . Regulations . Traditions of his beauty remains. Because these are the symbols. Or identities imply that we came from. The people of any country in the region.

อ้างอิง

"ข้อมูลพื้นฐานเศรษฐกิจไทย". ธนาคารแห่งประเทศไทย. [ออนไลน์]. สืบค้นเมื่อ

          30 กรกฎาคม 2556.

วัลลภา รุ่งศิริแสงรัตน์. (2545). บรรพบุรุษไทย: สมัยก่อนสุโขทัยและสมัยสุโขทัย. โรงพิมพ์แห่ง   

           จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย. หน้า 2.

สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ. คนไทยมาจากไหน?. สำนักพิมพ์มติชน บริษัท มติชน จำกัด (มหาชน). หน้า 73.

ชัย เรืองศิลป์ (2541). ประวัติศาสตร์ไทยสมัย พ.ศ. 2352-2453 ด้านเศรษฐกิจ. ไทยวัฒนาพานิช.หน้า 183.

ดนัย ไชยโยธา. (2543). พัฒนาการของมนุษย์กับอารยธรรมในราชอาณาจักรไทย เล่ม ๑. 

           โอ.เอส.พริ้นติ้ง เฮ้าส์. หน้า 298.

พระธรรมโกศาจารย์. "ศาสนาประจำชาติไทย". มหาวิทยาลัยมหาจุฬาลงกรณ์ราชวิทยาลัย.

          สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 กรกฎาคม 2556.

Leaders and leadership.

Introduction

          Leadership is an important component of the management of the organization. Organizational success or failure of the operation. If any organization is the most important factor leading to effective leaders. Can use the command and influence subordinates to perform work. The activities of the organization restructured well. In contrast, if the organization has no effective leadership. I will not be able to bid. And influencing subordinates to obey and comply with the order. Pol Pot was the morale of subordinates to the leader. Which will result in the operational aspects of the organization failed.

          Capable leaders with low status. I strive to be and express themselves. The ability of their sole. Patients with moderate leaders capable strive to use force and the ability of others to the site. The high risk that leaders are capable. It is managed by the wisdom of others to lend a hand as a disciplinary practice. And when the problem occurs. Who is also the leader of the working group meeting to receive comments. And discuss together in unison. If not rally together. Did not hesitate to make a final decision to go for it. And it makes Mission (Mission) of that organization can not be done is done.

          Therefore, the leadership should study the concepts and theories about the nature of leadership. Which is considered necessary. And the factors that are critical for the management of the organization will need to take your application to suit the situation and the resulting changes in the behavior of executives in a manner conducive to the efficient and effective. for most organizations.

Meaning of leadership.

          The meaning of the word leadership. Which corresponds to the English as "Leader" has the meaning it has in such a manner.

          1.   Leader is a person who has been appointed or is regarded as the chief decision. Because it has the ability to parent command. And to bring subordinates or people in a way that is good or evil.

          2.  Leader is a person among the many people who have the power to influence or ability to motivate people to comply with the requirement or order of the comments he made.

3.  Leaders are influential in the correct way for the actions of others than others. Group or organization in which he operates.

4.   Leaders who have been elected to be the leader of the group.

5.  Leader is the only one in the group to act as a leader. Coordinated activities within the group.

The conclusion then is that the arts can have influence over others. Bring those persons to receive the trust and confidence and has been fully respected. Cooperation and confidence of subordinates seriously.

Meaning of leadership.

          Have a sense of leadership in many respects such as.

          1.  Leadership refers to those who have power over others, and this allows the authority to perform the task they cannot perform alone successfully. Although the acceptance and willingness to comply.

          2.  Leadership refers to the relationship between a person (the leader), with group (followers) who have common interests, and their behavior is under the direction and guidance of the leader.

          3.  Leadership is the art of saying coaching colleagues or subordinates to perform their duties willingly. And enthusiasm.

          The conclusion, then, leadership is the art or the ability of one person to motivate or influence others, whether colleagues or subordinates in various scenarios for operating and directing the process meaningful. or contacting each other for their efforts to carry out the purposes of achieving the goals set.

The role and function of leadership.

          Leadership roles and has many functions. Leader of a group of people like a dictator may have one, but Democratic leaders in the group who may have a role and functions like one. However, the role and functions generally. Leaders to everyone. Among all kinds. There is some discrepancy. Concluded the role and function of leadership in general. To the concept of executive education at the 14.

          1) as an executive leader. The most obvious role of leader is an executive role as the liaison between the various groups in the organization, or as a coordinator of the group of which they are directors. This type of leadership will help the work of all staff to perform well. Leaders will oversee the policies and objectives of the group. And is responsible for maintaining the policies and objectives of the practice completely accurate.

          2) As a leader in the planning. Typically, the plans often do work of all kinds. To decide among their personnel should use and how to use it to achieve what is required. Leader often serves as a plan that meets the objectives of the operation or not. Leaders tend to be the one who knows all the disciplines. Others in the group. Often know only what they have been assigned or responsibility, but do not know the whole plan.

          3) As a leader in policy. The most important one is the leader. Goals or objectives of the group. And policy, most of the policies of the three.

          - From "above" or a boss who has a high position.

          - From "below" is derived from the recommendations. Or resolution of the personnel under his command.

          - From the "leader" of the group. Whether the policy will come from any source. Leaders have the power to set free or manually.

          4) As a leading expert. Most rely on a small lead. It acts similar to a vocational expert in such matters, but the leaders will know. In technical terms, not to lose everything. Leaders in the organization or outside the formal organization. Personnel with expertise in the profession often have towards other people. To discuss the help always. It is for personal assistance. Personnel who then became unofficially in the organization.

          5) as a representative of the group leaders to communicate with the outside.

The members of the group or any of the organizations or agencies. Take the time to connect with anyone not directly. Leader of the group is satisfied with the features often chosen to do instead. He became the public relations officer of the group. Later not only to have contact with people outside the group. But when outsiders come to negotiate with the group what they need to negotiate through them. This became the leader of the goalkeeper. Of people in the group. Or organization. Agency or the implicit

          6) As a leader in the relationship. Leaders often act looks after the details of the group and a very important one in the group is the relationship between people who are members of groups that in some groups, whether anything happens. Such as the ceremony, one of its members. Or whatever. Registered as a chief negotiator or leader. Some union leaders to negotiate or to attend only some, not all, but some people just do not care leaders about the relationship between the members of the group do not have. Depending upon the nature of the place.

          7 ) as a leader , and penalty . Personnel who are involved in the protection offered to the personnel and the Riot Act , or are authorized to blame you . Almighty becomes important and eventually became the leader . And penalties that may be cut wages or salary assignments for very little or for tasks or simply do not know . Management cautioned that it will not authorize any such person to the staff too . Because damage may occur to the organization later.

          8 ) leaders as mediators . When a conflict occurs among people who mediate for peace and understanding each other. Personnel who often become leaders in the future. Perhaps the leaders of this type act as judges in their own case , it is .

          9) As a leader in the individual samples personnel with good behavior or good work is always well regarded . A good example of the organization. Often become leaders of other personnel easily. As someone who has been respected by key personnel in the organization .

          10) as a symbolic leader of the group. Harmonious unity of the people, all of which are vital to the existence of the group. But most people are uniting together all the time, it seemed . Groups often have one or some of the personnel shall be regarded as representing a good man who cannot be deduced from his He will always be great with any occasion. And good will with all men. This will not do anything that will be detrimental to any group of people , this has become a symbol of the group. In the same way as the king as the leader of the power that these leaders are so high . Over the minds of people in the group and all of the parties.

          11) as the agent responsible. No wonder some people or some organization or agency . Many people have one leader or volunteer responsible for the decision. And some actions of some individuals in the group. Or that the group was responsible for all business done. By this reason, perhaps, in later occasions. Personnel assigned to the group will have the power to decide any action . Their behalf to prevent a crash. Which could cause their leaders to stone liability. Without offending them.

          12) as the ideal leader . Perhaps some leaders of the group as a prophet . Determine the ideal. A belief or faith are . To other personnel. Mind and integrity even the Perry tradition of the Rio Group . Ideally it could be just the beginning of his speech to anyone . Popular and well followed. Later it became the official ideology . Of this type tend to lead an orator and thinker. That every member of the group respects.

          13) As the Father has mercy. Leaders get. The like, and is the father of all people would expect that . When a disaster occurs , that person will be punished instead. Many people in all different types of people do not want to be liable when a fault occurs . I will take up later ratted become leaders as well. Because when the bad passes. People are sympathetic to his plight had been their sole representative .

          14) As a leader in the offense instead. This type of leadership positions as adults. The most senior in the group. And individuality respected as the father of the group. This will scold anyone . Tonguing is not angry. Because everyone knows that the person behind the words of the curse . I hope he has a good case. And he will be a refuge for all the people that are suffering on them.

Factor 4 pillars of leadership.

          1 . The personnel by individual needs a different style of leadership to new personnel supervision than individuals with much experience. Staff with bad attitude to the way that different than people who are highly motivated leader to know your personnel . Basic starting point is that you need a good understanding of human nature . Knowledge needed. Emotion and motivation. You have to know your personnel who he is , he knows what he can do. However his features .

          2 . Leader you need to truly understand who you are , you know what you can do . Those convicted of successful leadership is a follower not a leader . If the no confidence or no confidence in the leadership. He would have no inspiration. If you want to be a good leader to succeed. You must ensure the bull by you or not in your head . It is important that you need to follow .

          3. Communication must be two -way communication such as body language , the more you need the media to be an example to your personnel . You may not ask him to perform anything . You may be reluctant . You mean. Or how not to destroy the relationship or the relationship between you and your people .

          4. Situation every situation is different. What you do in a situation . May not be implemented in another situation . You need to use your judgment . Decisions as best practice . And be consistent with the style of the event , for example, you may need to confront people in inappropriate behavior. But if the confrontation is too strong or too weak , slow or fast . May not be effective .

           The various factors affecting these examples of the power of the story of your relationship with your boss . Skills of his men. The unofficial leader in your organization . Method and system in your organization .

Theory of leadership.

          When realized. Leadership is important to the organization and a very competitive business. Scholars in several eras, it worked a lot about leadership. Cause the concepts and theories of thinking and looking at many different angles. Concepts and theories, which can be grouped into three groups.

          1.  The leadership attributes.

          2.  Concepts leader Behavioural.

          3.  Approach leadership situations.

Each concept is briefly the following content.

Concept of leadership attributes.

          This concept focuses on the personality of the leader. It is believed that the leaders will have different properties from the Guest. This concept is a group of scholars to study the properties of different possibilities. Of educational leaders who are outstanding people. Can divide the findings into 3 groups: 1.) Physical characteristics such as height, appearance, age, etc. 2). Features capabilities such as intelligence, knowledge, ability to speak in public, etc. 3.) Personality traits. such as emotion regulation and emotional expression. Extraversion - introverted, etc. (Bryman, 1992 cited in Hartog and Koopman, 2001: 167), but there are many studies that contradict each other. I can not find a clear conclusion. The study also found that the properties of the lead is not applicable to all situations as well.

Concept of leadership behavior.

          This concept to study behavior, show leadership, to lead the implementation and effectiveness as leaders want. Each leader will have different behavior away. Universities and institutions in the United States has an interest and research on the behavior of leaders. By studying the behavior of effective leaders. The major conclusions. Are as follows. (Wiphada Kuptanon, 2544: 242-247)

          1. Democratic leadership and the dictatorship .Tannenbaum and Schmidt explained that the popular democratic decentralization. Assignment . And an opportunity for members to participate in decision making. On the contrary . Autocratic leadership usually judgments and decide for yourself . And often do not allow members to participate in decision making.

          2. Study of the University of Michigan analyzed the behavior of 3 different in appearance obviously is 1 .) Behavior aimed at people . to give priority to members or employees. Understanding the differences and recognize the importance of employees. The opportunity for employees to participate in decision making. It is also of interest . And understand the needs of the workers. 2). Behavior of leaders aimed at .  that highlight the success of the operation. Focus on job creation and productivity with high standards emphasize the use of rules of conduct in order to achieve the goal.

          3. The Ohio State University study has concluded that the behavior of leaders can be divided into two areas: 1) . Behavior aimed at creating structures leaders to focus on the rules . Mastery Emphasize the role of the position . And highlight the work of the structure . 2). Behavior towards relationships. leaders to focus on having a good relationship with the members . And participate in the work of its members .

          4. Managerial Grid is an example of an integrated study of the concept of behaviors together by Blake and Mouton have created two -dimensional grid with a horizontal axis representing the intended results. and the vertical axis represents the range of people. that the most effective leaders . Include both leading and heading        ( Mallika  Tonson , 2544 : 52 ) .

The leadership situation.

          This study focuses on the Reconditioned. Or to behave in accordance with the changing circumstances. It is the nature of the change. The idea is to form a proper and good results in various situations.

          1.  Study of Fiedler effective leadership depends on a match between the  leader 's behavior and the situation in the operational environment, that is, to influence the behavior of the leader (Mallika  Tonson, 2544 : 54 ) .

          2. Theoretical goal (Path-goal Theory) This theory attempts to explain the impact of leadership behavior on the motivation , satisfaction and performance of the members have been focused on that goal. By looking at the behavior of the expression . Members to achieve individual and organizational goals . Effective leaders help members to achieve personal and organizational goals . Leader can add incentives. Satisfaction to be a follower . By rewarding .

          3.  Study of Hersey-Blanchard. Ohio University has introduced the concept of the application behavior is aimed at creating structures (Initiation structure) and behavior -oriented relationship . and explain different leadership style . With the availability of this form of the cause of the four types of notification (Telling) presented the idea   participation  and assignments.

Concepts of modern leadership.

          In addition to the three groups mentioned above, currently is developing and changing ideas about leadership over the years. It is a key concept (Mallika Tonson, 2544: 54) as follows.

          1. Exchange leadership and change. Leadership Exchange is a leading traditional exchange of various awards . As a tool to convince the bosses to meet performance goals. Which each partner benefits were exchanged . The leadership change. The ability to change their beliefs . The attitude of the members . Members work to achieve the above goals. Leaders to convey ideas and stimulate thinking and experience to its members through continuous and systematic.

          2. Theory of leadership talent . It discusses the personality characteristics of leaders that are different from other precious snowmelt Si ( 2544 : 55 ) states that leadership talent . Should look like is to have a vision . Ability , communication skills . The ability to make others trust. The ability to make others see that they are capable . Energetic and focused action to achieve results. Express emotions appropriately and generosity to others, like the risk of creating new strategies to achieve goals. The advertisement itself. And cause internal conflict to a minimum .

          Stream currently focused on . Leadership changes. And charismatic leadership (Charismatic leadership) , which have tried to explain these concepts . Leaders succeeded in persuading senior member . Organizational commitment . Respect , trust and admiration for the leader . Dedication to work. Fidelity And the performance of the members . And also try to explain that . Some leaders can lead their organization or agency succeeding brilliantly how (House, Delbecq and Taris, 1998 cited in Hartog and Koopman, 2001: 173) due to the business operations of the organization in the age of globalization . That invest or conduct business across the country. Causing many organizations to create leaders who can manage and manipulate people to invest or do business in the country . In addition, the existing concepts may not be sufficient to create the most effective leadership style . Thus leading to the development of the concept of cultural exchange . (Cross-Cultural Perspectives) by (Hartog and Koopman, 2001: 167).

The concept of cultural exchange.

          Academic study on leadership, many of you who have criticized the concept of leadership from the past to the present is that there is a specific social and cultural . The concepts and theories , most of the research and experimentation in the United States , Canada or European countries , only certain countries such as the House (1995 cited in Hartog and Koopman, 2001: 178) has said that the theory of leadership most . often the cultural background of the countries of north America. American culture , especially the culture in some aspects different from other countries , such as the focus on the individual. While some of the cultural aspects of social integration are superior . But these theories were interpreted without an appropriate application . In particular, developing countries are quite clearly different from the United States or other developed countries also Kanungo and Mendonca (1996 cited in Hartog and Koopman, 2001: 178) also argue that In developing countries should focus on the organization rather than a focus on maintaining the status quo today. Of such information. It is submitted that The role of leadership talent . Important to the organization in developing a research project to study the long-term GLOBE in the 60 countries with the aim to find common features of leadership are the same in all cultures. And leadership to find properties that are recognized in different cultures. Which results in a conclusion that Many features are similar in all cultures reflect leadership talent . Inspire . The vision also . Leadership that focuses on teamwork . Aiming for excellence and absolute discretion Solutions win-win (Den Hartog et al., 1999 cited in Den Hartog and Koopman, 2001: 179) , it is a common feature as well.

          The results of Graen and Wakabayashi (1994 cited in Muchinsky, 2003: 436-438) to study the differences in Japanese and American culture . Multinational companies are investing . The staff consists of both Japanese and American managers combined appear to have the characteristics of the culture of both nations to work something different . The solution proposed by the two parties learn each other's culture . And shared culture , a shared culture of the organization to House, Wright and Aditya (1997 cited in Muchinsky, 2003: 438) and Bond and Smith (1996 cited in Muchinsky, 2003: 438) stated that The cultural differences influence the expectations and assumptions about the environment of the individual. Attitudes toward people of other cultures . And patterns of social interaction . And cultural influences also affect patterns of leadership effectiveness. Which suggests that this form of leadership success should be based on cultural factors as well. Since the initial study of leadership is structured according to the scientific method today. It appears that the concept of education and the many However , no one can conclude that Leadership style that will make the most effective ( Santi Chai Wong , 2540 : 205 ) because the leadership is associated with many variables that are not static . If the change. Always moving .

Model of leadership.

          Leadership models help us understand. Leader should do. How he made ​​in certain circumstances. This idea did not block you in behavioral patterns discussed in this model. But to understand the fact that every situation requires a method or behavior. Expression of the two different models are described in Table 4 and scheme administration.

          Bolton and Manchester in four schemes deal Bolman and Deal 3 suggest that leaders display leadership behaviors in four types of structure, human resource, political and symbolic leadership style may be effective or ineffective depending on the choice behavior in the situation clear.

          Leadership structure in the effective leader is a social architect. Leadership style is analysis and design in situations where no effective leadership. Authoritarian leadership style, leaders focus on petty little details. The tree structure, strategies focused on environmental action, experimentation and adaptation.

          In the fourth scheme Bolton Manchester and its recommended that leaders display leadership behaviors in four types of infrastructure, human resource, political and symbolic leadership style may be effective or ineffective depending on the choice behavior in the situation clear.

          Leadership structure in the effective leader is a social architect. Leadership style is analysis and design in situations where no effective leadership. Authoritarian leadership style, leaders focus on petty little details. The tree structure, strategies focused on environmental action, experimentation and adaptation.

          Human resources. Situation in leadership effectiveness. Leaders who encourage the leadership style and serve as a support . Promote and authority . In situations where no effective leadership . Leadership style is focus on work . Leadership style and abandon the scam . Leadership and human resources. Belief in the person . And convey his beliefs . He exposed and easily found . His authority . Increase participation , support information exchange. The lower decision units .

          Political situation in leadership effectiveness. Leadership style promotes leadership style . It is characterized by the joint efforts and spiritual forces . Leadership effectiveness in situations that do not immodestly Leadership style dictator . Political leaders need to say anything, and they want to evaluate the distribution of profit sharing . Networking for stakeholders to influence others used before . Then use negotiation and or using force if necessary.

          Symbol in the leadership effectiveness. Leaders know it . Leadership style to inspire leadership in situations that are not productive. Enthusiastic leadership style crazy or ignorant leaders have no clear meaning. Organizations with ideas that are symbolic leader . Like a stage or theater. Role to impress . These leaders use symbols to draw attention . He tried to frame the experience . To provide a realistic interpretation see attitude possible. His vision and media .

          This model suggests that Leadership style should be one of the four characteristics , and many times. On the right way . And at times may not be appropriate if the same method in different ways , these may not be enough. We should know all four methods. Not the only way . For example, the organization changed leadership style might Blair structure . Effective leadership style than vision. At the time the organization is growing rapidly. Style leadership with a vision to be more appropriate. We need to understand ourselves in the situation rather than the way we used to enjoy the time we have to know and recognize the limitations of the methods we use .

              The management of Blake and Mouton Manageral Grid 4 with 2 cores ? Focus on the horizontal axis ? Both the ratio of 1 to 9 , this idea is two -dimensional description of the behavior management of interest. And simplification of the two -dimensional description of a graph or table. Most people may fall near the middle of the second axis that is extreme , but there are people who score at the end of the scale. We see the different styles of leadership .

          Leaders with power ( the 9th , the first ) team leader ( the 9th , the 9th ) leadership folk ( the first one in nine ) and poor leadership ( a 1 , a 1 ), a leader with absolute power . (Authoritarian Leader) head high , 9 low relationships , one person at a ratio score- focused this work. And hard working people . ( Autocracy ) cooperation and joint efforts are less spiritual . The aim of this work was to look hard. The rigorous . Schedule the work. He expects people to work. Command personnel were not allowed to question or argue when something goes wrong . People tend to focus more on blame than to trade for what is wrong and how to prevent them , not withstanding that does not match their own . This may be the creativity of some people . Difficult to subordinates. Participation and development.

          Team aimed high , high correlation 9, 9 : Leadership is led by an example. Trying to create a team environment . Which all team members can reach their potential . Both team and individual. He encourages team work to attain effective as possible. Work generously weariness among the various team members , and enhance the productivity of the team as possible.

          Leadership Country Club, one high Relations , 9: Leadership is the power and dominated the award before. To encourage team work and discipline to achieve goals. On the other hand, is almost impossible to use the power of coercion or punishment. Or legal authority that could result from a lack of leadership, who feared the power to destroy the relationship of team members .

          Poor leadership , low task , low relationship 1 , 1: a person who uses a management proxy then disappeared . Because he did not do its job or relationship. Allowing the team to do what has been done by the desire and inclination to separate themselves out .

          Of the team process . Leaving the team and let the dire battle. The desire for leadership is leadership team, however, did not let it go in the third series in certain circumstances. May take one of three forms , sometimes , for example, play the lower bound . Its relative low Allow your team to believe in themselves. Authoritarian leader play to gradually teach the discipline of personnel , lack of motivation. Need to study the situation carefully and think pressure is going to happen . You will know where the axis is necessary to achieve the desired results .

Process of a great leader.

          Road to the leadership of the great leader who achieved five genera .

                   - Ladle the challenge to find the one that you believe is necessary to do it. Improved the most.

                   - Create a shared vision to inspire . Order to build a shared vision with that . Understanding of the follower .

                   - Personnel , others have shown the ability to use tools and methods to solve them .

                   - Made her a role model . When the process is difficult not to dirty his hands on his boss ordered the others to work. Leader to show his followers that he can do it.

                   - To encourage the adulation of his mind and keep you from the pain in my heart .

          Based on the practice of leadership . But not the cause . Everyone has equal rights. But first you must know who you are , you know yourself what you can do well. To develop a good idea of your strengths is a good feeling . The action is good . What do you think it will be like that .

The main feature of the Buddhist religion.

          If we consider a society of Thailand . Buddhism is the national religion . Bringing the teachings of Buddhism principles applied would be more or less conducive to cultural Thailand . The principle applied is to be a good leader . And the teachings of the Buddha are shown the characteristics of a good leader . Or ways to be a good leader to run for a way to put into practice ( Phong realgar , 2546 : 163 ) , including Tspitrachtrrm 10 ways , prayer, theology 4 , virtues fair 4 , partial four , the Punjab health 4 . Sagcha object 4 , tolerance refinement you would shame Oh Darling the art Welcome, £ 4 , West SA Rathmines Church organization Becket 5, Justice 5, the context for New York fair, 7 , Nath equipment theology 10 , goodwill fair 7 and acts. 10 ways ( TOT acts ) which can be applied to modern management (Source : http://www.rin.ac.th/article) the text is not formatted the text is not. format here are just some examples of what principles are described as follows .

           Prejudice  is the propensity of emotions . Arose from the unequal And social spaces in four respects (Source : http://www.dmky.com/thai/html/a-ka-ti-4.html).

          1.  prejudice caused by love or desire  biased by partisan support that love. Or the payment of remuneration to him.

          2.  prejudice caused by hatred or enmity  party favor or punish their aversion to party harder than their affinities .

          3.  prejudice caused by delusion or stupidity  a biased justice is folly. Not suss out true .

          4.  prejudice caused by fear  with deficits would include the influence of fear or fear of lack of benefit.

          Base of sympathy for the people fairly . The love of the common people (Source : http://sophon.bcnlp.ac.th) including .

          1.  Alms (giving offering) is to share the sacrifice to others , such as rewarding good welfare etc.

          2.  Chulalongkorn verbal (Kindly speech) is Gracious words speak to persons at suitable location in what is said . Say in a constructive way . And I like the control , motivation etc.

           3.  Utilities ASSURE (useful conduct) makes himself useful. According to Intellect . Knowledge is wealth and such as the development of the management by objectives, etc.

           4. Manat eyes (even and equal treatment) is doing its steadiness. Behave as appropriate for the job position . Not exploit others. Joint pain with pleasure as communication, power and so on.

          This principle works . If leaders and any person implements will achieve stability and progress in the work . The love and respect of others. Effective leaders in the era of globalization .

Failure protection tools for leadership.

          Mukda suntonrat (2547: 49-50) Chief Human Resources Officer, Human Resources Division of the ACS (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (ACSG (Thailand) Co., Ltd.) Said ACSG seek leadership development model. appropriate to the organization. And takes the form of Skyhook for Leadership Model, which is a result of John A Shtocren by studying the work and as a consultant for large companies, many global companies, including AT & T, Coca Cola, Ford, 3M,. and the University of Michigan and a management approach to the seven steps.

          1 . The vision . Leaders must have a clear purpose and a dream to be able to lead the team towards it.

          2. Giving credibility to a team. To work together to achieve it must be mutual trust . Confidence in the ability of this team. Based on the primary . And processes to the staff at the center . Will be to educate employees on the job continuously.

          3. Communication open . Taking into account the importance of communication. Create a system of communication and strategic vision to your employees participate in the plan and purpose in their work.

          4. Creating valuable . Both the leader and his team. Enjoy because the challenging task. Assignments appropriate to their knowledge . The ability of employees. Have one to fit the job. A coach with a good leader . Employees as well as consulting on the issue.

          5. Fiduciary responsibility to their employees to stop work . By creating a clear standard procedures . Employees to participate in management . Show acceptance and confidence. Routine operations leaders must not only be distributed to employees.

          6. Teamwork . Driving the leaders realize the importance of team work . And the development team by the approach and scope of work clearly. Confidence in the ability of this team. Focus on working across party lines . The leader must also be able to coordinate the different people in the team together . To maximize the benefits to the organization.

          7. Knowing the appropriate changes. To analyze the gap between vision and current situation of the organization. The strategy and action plan . To change to meet the target .

          Mokda Suntonrat (2547) concluded that the development of leadership, promoting a strong advantage in the management of the organization. "The anti-failure" to apply to be a tool for development organizations to further progress.

Trends in educational leadership in the future.

          Current global trends , technological change and globalization. Which affect the function and organization of a broad and long (Howard, 1995 cited in Muchinsky, 2003: 180) among these changes the organization to enhance the ability of decision-making groups more (Guzzo, 1995 claim. to in Muchinsky, 2003: 181) Shamir (1999 cited in Muchinsky, 2003: 181-182) states that a single individual leadership role is less important . The leaders also tend to trust the judgment of a team that was set up as a special case of a more temporary . So each team will have the authority to decide on a particular part of the team responsible. This trend may be a characteristic of leadership is to share and exchange ideas . Decentralization of responsibilities. It bundles or Shamir (1999) goes on to say that The use of innovative technologies . Leaders are more likely to communicate with the devices and the network. Without having to face every time. Which may result in a gap between the level of authority in the organization began to decline Shamir (1999) have concluded that Organizations in the future will be more likely . No exact boundaries . Order to reduce the high command of the organization is flat and flexible, the project team is based. The trend of employment is a temporary employment characteristics . Recruiting from outside. And does not require any interaction intimacy . Employees would be more independent . The organization was unable to control it or force it. It will focus on the exchange of skills and ideas. As well as a common goal , so the possibility to study leadership in future studies may extend to other issues , such as leadership . Study of leadership and leadership by sharing knowledge on the psychology of thinking (Cognitive Psychology) , etc..

Ethical leadership.

          Today's society has changed as a result of the advancement of communication technology. The incident at any one point will impact spread to other parts quickly. In particular, the decline of the social ethics of the object rather than the cause of it. Cooperation instead of competition to overcome. To see others as competitors than as allies. Education seems to be a good solution to the problem. And leadership education is the hope of a good role model for ethics teachers, students and other people in society.

          Principal ethical dilemma faced every day Greenfield (Greenfield, 1991) states that the principal can not deny responsibility for the integrity of the social problems of the students. And the teaching profession. The problem is sometimes even difficult to identify exactly what was wrong. What should and what should not behave in terms of their morality.

          Green Marshfield (Greenfield) argues that society has expectations of ethical principals such as

          1. Schools have become institutions of morality (moral institute) to help determine the norms of society (social norm).

          2. Principal must model the moral (moral agent) any decision of the principal reasons that the moral values ​​(moral value) is greater than the other.

          3. The school administration will be dedicated to providing an environment conducive for students to thrive. Learning quality and happy (very good and happy).

          Reason. Behavior of the principal. Must be expressed as a moralist, as Prof. Saroj Buasri once said. "Graduates must have the knowledge as scholars. And must behave as highly unethical. "

          Expression of moral leadership can also be seen from the normal daily practice . Leaders also need to make foreign policy and the structure of the latent moral values ​​are , for example, today's society , most people want to be a winner on the defeat of the other. Therefore, the exploitation and use dirty tactics just to win their unethical . Thus, the principal must make policy and operational activities of teachers and students focus on ethics justice . Not exploit others. Emphasis on cooperation rather than competition . The importance of working as a team rather than individually. Strategies to resolve conflicts in a win / win rather than win / lose. Including the creation of values ​​and a respect for the dignity of the humanity of others , etc. The principal conclusion is that it is not only the leader of ethical conduct . Only their only Its function is paramount . "The school was built as a moral institution " as well.

          As a leader. Principals need to be extra careful in using the power of their duties in an ethical manner. From the perspective of the principal, or other decisions better. Have to make all that is on the basis of a rational ethics. What leaders think. All said and done, be consistent. Everyone is willing to comply. Power penalty. Avoid as much as possible, and as a last resort when all other methods. It is costly and leads to self-discipline or self-respect of that person in any way.

Principal ethical crossroads with two choices.

          Leadership that is based on ethics. Principals are often met with an awkward choice to decide which alternative is better than the alternative of moral criteria . Because sometimes a moral issue , not a choice between right or wrong . It's about something that is more appropriate for example, the budget constraints of the school, the program promotes students gifted with the teaching to reduce falls over a class of students , or the principal structures are the independent ones . teacher But while focusing on student achievement . It is important as well. It turns out that the teacher can use the power granted to a student's low academic standards in order to increase the number of graduates, etc. Teacher or principal should protect the working classes as well. But sexual harassment against a student or not . Principals should do . If their supervisor to support companies that want to win the whole milk to students who know less than the standard .

To solve the ethical dilemma.

          It is believed that No formula can be used to solve the problem of moral choice . But with the broad guidelines such as

          1. The leadership itself must have ethical standards . And to behave in accordance with the ethical standards consistently. Such expression . Behavior of the kindness , generosity per pupil . Friends , teachers and the general public . Expression in the love of fairness and justice. The behavior of those who are faithful both to themselves and to others. To respect the dignity of others, and so on.

          2.  Was necessary to find solutions to ethical problems . The main considerations are the following: (1 ) View the results as if choosing that method . And try to analyze it . Who will be affected and the effects on these people ? (2 ) making choices based on the rules of morality (moral rules) , such as the belief that if you do so, the world would probably be better because all in morality . ( 3 ) tries to capture the generosity. We try to be considerate like that . If the people in the event ourselves . We want people to treat us? Etc.

          3. Ethical problems . Will have the option to have more than two is not a solution , it must be wrong . But there should be a third option . Which is a better solution . Such as the school will require students to participate in religious activities . It should have the choice to conform to some students of other religions as well.

          4. Finally, leaders must act like mercury awareness and awareness of ethical issues that have been particularly good in the community. Which he has the lead role.

The principal's role in shaping the ethics of school.

          Typically, schools often neglect to encourage a discussion about the issues. Ethics by claiming that everyone needs to get the already heavy workload for the time synchronization more difficult. One suggested way to create awareness of ethics for the school week. The ethical committee. Such as those found in hospitals have ethics committees, etc. This committee is responsible for not only the official rules. But also create awareness on ethical issues. The teachers care management guidelines of professional ethics. Make recommendations to management to fix broken moral issues that arise in school etc.

          Thomas Chi surround Giovanni (Thomas Sergiovanni, 1992). Said that effective schools have requirements that are common to all people of the covenant. By Testament such as core values ​​of the school. And can be used as a reference standard to judge that. Behavior or action against any of its members is appropriate or not in terms of ethics. Leaders must play an important role not simply make a covenant of the school. However, the need to support actively. And the applied practice. And when there is a violation of the covenant, the leaders must take decisive measures to resolutely against it.

          Educators have agreed that Leadership must start from the moral leadership morality (moral leadership begins with moral leaders) effective leader must not only be knowledgeable, not only moral, but only to teach others with words. But most important, it is. The practical aspects Pฤt a paragon of virtue to the common people.

The ethics of transformational leadership.

          Transformational leadership theory. Stand different from other leadership theories tend to focus on the exchange between leader and follower. However, this theory focuses on the moral level. And ethical standards of the higher. Leadership with integrity is as follows.

Transformational leadership. Change by focusing on the issue.

          1. Raise awareness of the need to have moral standards to follow.

          2. Indicators to focus on ethical issues by priority post.

          3. Trying to elevate the needs of their followers. To aim for higher levels of success.

          4. Promote moral maturity level. Of the rise.

          5. Enhance the atmosphere of the office or organization, such as the atmosphere of moral values ​​and moral standards, etc. together.

          6. Excite and encourage by that. Working principles of the common good before personal benefit them. It is good to take together.

          7. Encourage the principles of cooperation. More competitive. Naturalistic and fellowship.

Summarize

          Leaders in any organization . In this earth . One thing to have in common. Will be much less dependent on energy from the drive . That's leadership , the leader anyone It can be a time when the time is right, as a function of age . Is experienced in the workplace. Or a person with a good family economy . But leadership is in the lead. Or may not lead anywhere . But leadership in various situations. Was able to develop his leadership eventually. When everyone is a leader and leadership . The next factor to consider . Are virtue ethics. This will be the final measure that Can enter the minds of subordinates or not. There are many leaders . When you assume a social role . Neglected to pay attention to it. But some leading authority on selling to people who had worked throughout the visit . Also a respected senior The same officer who retired . His calling was not abandoned even the main agenda in life .

          Therefore , leadership must be developed to achieve self . If there is capital , then there is no need to bring it there. Because that conveys bold leadership . Authority to make decisions. A steady Look at everything out thoroughly . And , in turn, can lead their organizations to progress further.

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